![]() ![]() ![]() It's much easier to use the pins dedicated to DAC or analogwrite if that's an option for you. However, you will need to bit-bang and won't be able to use the timer hardware. In that case the answer is yes, you can use pins A0-A7. The exception is where you want to produce an analog output via PWM (and a smoothing capacitor). Analog input pins cannot be used as outputs, and vice-versa. In the case of Arduino boards and other microcontrollers, analog input (read) and output (write) must use different pins. While ADCs and DACs convert analog-to-digital and vice versa, they need different circuits. Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) do the reverse, where a digital number from the microcontroller is used to output an analog voltage, e.g.Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) sample an analog voltage and output a number representing the voltage relative to the measurement range - such as 0 to 1023 on a 10-bit ADC.More insight about PWM in Arduino, here: EAS 199 - Basic Pulse Width ModulationĪll microcontrollers including Arduino are digital, and rely on specific circuit hardware in order to interface with the analog world. If you don't know anything about filters, this could be a good starting point: ElectronicsTutorials - Passive Low Pass Filter Some Arduino devices like the Arduino MKR 1010 WiFi output 3.3V max, so those values will adapt to the highest voltage that can be emitted by the output pins. A 2.5V analog signal is analogWrite (127). Depending on how clean you want your signal to be, you could use a single capacitor or any other (a little more complex) filter. analogWrite(255) Anything in between is between those 2 values. If you actually do need a true analog output, you should consider using any form of analog lowpass filter at the specified PWM output port. When you use analogWrite(pin, val) you are actually telling the Arduino to output a PWM signal with the duty cicle specified by val (100% for val = 255 and 0% for val = 0). It is worth to note that the Arduino Nano (and any other Arduino board I'm aware of) actually doesn't have any 'true' analog output port. Pins marked as "ANALOG IN" on the board can work either as analog input (to the Analog to Digital Converter), digital input, or digital output. The analogWrite(pin, val) function is reserved to PWM pins ( D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, and D11 in Arduino Nano). ![]()
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